2022中考英语专项复习丨非谓语动词
1、非谓语动词基本形式
动词：He asks me to help him often.
谓语 非谓语
1.谓语动词：时态/被动语态
2.非谓语：do/ to do/ doing/ done
2、非谓语动词的判定
非谓语动词中考的常考点，主要为动词不定式和动名词。
1.如何判定本题该使用谓语动词还是非谓语动词：判断句子是否缺少谓语。
①当句子缺少谓语时，该动词就用谓语动词形式。一般情况下，动词作谓语放在主语之后，如“I love you.”中，love就是谓语动词。
②当句中已有谓语动词又没有并列连词与所填动词并列时，该动词就用非谓语动词形式。非谓语动词可以在句子中作除谓语以外的任何成分，如主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语及插入语。
3、非谓语动词的分类（不定式，动名词）
1）不定式
1.不定式的构成
不定式的基本形式为:to+动词原形,有时可以不用to,这里的to是不定式符号,本身无词义,动词不定式的否定形式是not+to+动词原形。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化。
2.不定式的基本用法
用法
说明
例句
作
主
语
动词不定式作主语时,常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语放在句末,避免句子头重脚轻。其结构为It+be+adj.+to do sth.
To learn English well is useful.
=It is useful to learn English well.
如果要说明不定式表示的动作的执行者,可以在不定式前加一个for短语。其结构为It+be+adj.+for sb.+to do sth.
It is good for you to go out for a walk.
某些表示人的品质、特征等的形容词(如kind,good,nice,wise,clever,polite等)作表语时,不定式之前可以加一个of短语,用来说明动作的执行者。其结构为It+be+adj.+of sb.+to do sth.
It’s not polite of him to speak to old people like that.
两个或两个以上的动词不定式并列时,第一个不定式带to,后面的不定式通常省略to
To go to sleep early and get up early is a good habit.
作
宾
语
不定式用在及物动词后作宾语,常见的及物动词有:begin,choose,continue,decide,expect,fail,forget,hate,help,hope,learn,manage,mean,need,offer,plan,prefer,pretend,promise,refuse,try,afford,agree,start,like等
I can’t afford to buy a digital camera at the moment.
在find,think后跟不定式作宾语时,常用it代替,而将真正的宾语放在后面
I find it easy to read English every day.
作
宾
语
补
足
语
常接不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:want,ask,tell,allow,get,would like,advise,encourage等
My mother encourages me to learn Japanese.
一些使役动词和感官动词也用不定式作宾补,这时不定式要省略to。这些动词有:一感(feel)、二听(hear,listen to)、三让(let,make,have)、四看(look at,see,watch,notice)。但变被动语态时必须加上to
I often hear Li Ming sing in the next room.
动词help后面的不定式,既可以带to,也可以不带to
You must help me(to)do my homework this afternoon.
作
定
语
作定语的不定式,要放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后
I have some clothes to wash.
如果不定式是不及物动词,且与它所修饰的词构成逻辑上的被动关系,则不定式要加上相应的介词
He is looking for a room to live in.
We have a lot of things to talk about.
当不定式修饰的名词是time,place或way时,不定式后面习惯上省略介词
My grandma had no place to live(in)in the old days.
不定式修饰 something,anything,nothing时,放在它们的后面,如果something,anything,nothing有形容词修饰,词序是“something/anything/nothing+形容词+不定式”
I had something cold to drink.
作
状
语
不定式作目的状语时可放在句首或句尾
To be a good student,one must study hard.
和某些形容词连用构成“be+形容词+不定式”结构,作原因状语
We are sorry to trouble you.
作程度或结果状语时,常与enough(表示肯定)或too(表示否定)连用
He is old enough to go to school.
He is too young to go to school.
作表语
表示主语的“职业、职责或性质”等,通常对连系动词前面的名词进行解释说明
His wish is to become a doctor.
和疑问
词连用
不定式常和疑问词what,which,when,where,how连用,在句中担当主语、宾语、表语等成分
He didn't know where to go.
=He didn't know where he should go.
动词不定式的特殊句型:
①too…to… “太……而不能……”。
如：The boy is too young to look after himself. 那个男孩太小而不能照顾自己。
②…enough to…“……足够……”。
He is old enough to go to school.
他足够大能去上学了。
③Why don’t you +省略to的不定式？
=Why not +省略to的不定式？
为什么不……呢？
Why don't you get her a photo album?
=Why not get her a photo album?
为什么不给她买个相册呢？
④had better+（not）+省略to的不定式。最好（不要）做……
You'd better not stay here today.
你今天最好别待在这儿。
⑤Will you please+省略to的不定式?你愿意……吗？
Will you please close the door?
能请你把门关上吗？
⑥prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.
“宁愿做某事而不愿做某事”
I prefer to do more work rather than do nothing at home.我宁愿做更多的工作也不愿在家无所事事。
⑦It is+adj.+for/of sb.+to do.“做某事是……的”
如：It is necessary for us to brush our teeth twice a day.一天刷两次牙对我们是有必要的。
It+be+形容词+不定式
It’s hard to say which one is better.
很难说哪一个更好。
It+be+名词+不定式
It was great fun to have a picnic there.
在那里野餐很有意思。
It+动词+名词/副词+不定式
It took me 2 hours to finish my homework.
完成作业花了我两个小时的时间。
2).动名词
①作主语
单独作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式；如果并列的动名词(短语)作主语, 谓语动词用复数形式。如：
Reading in bed is not good for your eyes.
在床上看书对你的眼睛不好。
Reading and writing are necessary for us.
读书和写作对我们很有必要。
②作表语
动名词(短语)作表语可以转化为动名词(短语)作主语。如：
His favorite sport is playing ping-pong.
＝Playing ping-pong is his favorite sport.
他最喜欢的运动是打乒乓球。
③作宾语
动词宾语, 多用来表示习惯性动作。如：
I like playing football very much.
我非常喜欢踢足球。
常跟动名词作宾语的动词有：
enjoy喜欢
mind 介意
finish 完成
keep持续
suggest 建议
practice 练习
consider考虑
miss错过
imagine想象
avoid避免
can’t help忍不住
go on 继续
be worth值得
be busy忙于
give up放弃
succeed in成功，设法
look forward to期待
be used to习惯于
end up以……结束
put off推迟
pay attention to注意
be interested in对……感兴趣
注意：含有介词to的固定短语：
make (a) contribution (s) to 为……做贡献
devote oneself to 献身，致力于……
look forward to 期待，盼望
preferto 比起……更喜欢……
be used to 习惯……，适应……
pay attention to注意
某些动词后接不定式和动名词的区别
1.forget doing sth.忘记做过某事
forget to do sth.忘记要做某事（未做）
I forget to bring my homework.
我忘记带作业了。
I forget bringing my homework.
我忘记已把作业带来了。
2.remember doing sth.记得做过某事
remember to do sth.记得去做某事（未做）
Please remember to post my letter.
请记得把我的信寄走。
I remember posting your letter.
我记得把你的信寄出去了。
3.try doing sth.尝试做某事
try to do sth.尽力做某事
Please try to do better next time.
下次请设法做得更好些。
He tried speaking in English.他试着用英语讲。
4.hear/see sb. doing sth.
听见/看见某人正在做某事
hear/see sb. do sth. 听见/看见某人做了某事
I often see him play football 我经常看见他踢球
I saw him playing football went I passed
当我经过的时候，我看见他正在踢球
5.Stop to do sth 停下去做某事
Stop doing sth 停止做某事
Stop to think about it for a moment.
停下来想一下这件事。
Stop talking, please.请不要说话。
6.Mean to do sth 打算做某事
Mean doing sth 意味着
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.我想去,但我父亲不肯让我去。
Doing that means wasting time.
做那件事意味着浪费时间。
现在分词与过去分词的区别
1.在语态上,现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词表示被动意义。
the surprising news令人惊讶的消息
a surprised man一个感到惊讶的人
a moving film一部感人的电影
the moved people被感动的人们
2.在时间上,现在分词表示正在进行的动作,过去分词表示已经完成的动作。
the developing country发展中国家
the developed country发达国家
the rising sun正在升起的太阳
the risen sun升起来的太阳
易混句式have sb.do sth.,have sb.doing sth.和have sth. done的区别
1.have sb. do sth. 意为“让某人做某事”,have可以用let,make代替。不定式往往表示一次性的具体动作,且强调动作已经完成或尚未发生。
The soldiers had the boy stand with his back to his father.士兵们让这个男孩背对他的父亲站着。
2.have sb. doing sth. 表示“使某人作出某种反应”或“劝说/命令某人做某事”;用于否定句时表示“允许/容忍某人做某事”。
Within minutes he had the whole audience laughing and clapping.
短短几分钟内他就令全体观众欢笑、鼓掌。
3.have sth.done 意为“让某事被别人做”,即ask sb.else to do sth.,过去分词(done)所用的动作由他人(非主语本身)来完成。
The driver had his car washed once a week.
这个司机一周让人洗一次车。
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中学英语重点动词、短语及句型归纳详解（3）
21、stop doing sth, stop to do sth
stop doing sth 停止正在做的事，后接动名词作宾语。
例句：When the teacher came in, all the students stopped talking immediately.当老师进来的时候，所有学生立即停止交谈。
stop to do sth 停下来做另外一件事，后接动词不定式作目的状语。
例句：Tom, you have been watching TV for half an hour already, please stop to do your homework now!汤姆，你已经看了半小时的电视了，现在停下来（别看电视了）去做你的作业。
22、practise (doing)sth
练习做某事，后接名词或动名词。
例句：If you would like to improve your spoken English, you must make full use of your time to practise speaking English every day.如果你想提高你的英语口语的话，每天你必须充分利用你的时间来练习讲英语。
23、prefer sth, prefer to do sth, prefer sth to sth, prefer doing sth to doing sth, prefer to do sth rather than do sth
prefer=like better 宁愿、更喜欢
例句：Which do you prefer? Tea or coffee? I prefer coffee (to tea).茶和咖啡，你更喜欢哪个？（相对于茶）我更喜欢咖啡。
又如：I prefer to stay at home instead of going out for a walk tonight.=I prefer to stay at home rather than go out for a walk tonight.=I prefer staying at home to going out for a walk tonight.= I would rather stay at home than go out for a walk tonight.今天晚上，我宁愿待在家里而不愿出去散步。
另外：prefer sb to do sth宁愿、更喜欢某人做某事。
24、miss(doing)sth
错过做某事，后接名词或动名词。
例句：Hurry up! Or you will miss(catching) the bus.赶紧一点，否则你会错过（赶上）公交车。
又如：My brother missed being caught in a heavy rain yesterday afternoon.昨天下午，我哥哥错过被一场大雨淋湿。
25、be tired of (doing)sth
厌烦、讨厌、厌倦做某事，后接名词或动名词。
例句：He is much too tired of doing his homework all night long.他太厌倦一整夜做他的作业了。
又如：He is tired of watching TV at home every day.他厌倦了每天在家里看电视。
26、be afraid of doing sth, be afraid to do sth
两个短语都有“不敢去做某事”的意思, 但be afraid to do sth.真正的意思是“害怕做某事”, 也就是主语对做某事内心感到恐惧；be afraid of doing sth.表示主语内心里不情愿做某事, 也可以说是不希望发生某事, 但自己不一定能避免它。例如：
He was afraid to go out alone at night.(他害怕晚上独自外出。暗含的意思是“他对于晚上独自外出缺乏安全感”。)He came late to school and was afraid of being scolded by the teacher.(他上学迟到了, 害怕被老师责备。暗含的意思是“他不情愿被老师责备”。)用“不敢”来辨别这两个短语很能说明问题。
He is afraid of being beaten by his father.他怕被他爸打。（不是他敢不敢的问题，他是不情愿。）
He is afraid to touch the snake.他不敢碰那条蛇。（他内心里恐惧蛇。）
27、waste time/money (in)doing sth
浪费时间、金钱做某事，后接名词或动名词，介词in可以省略。
如后接名词，介词应用on. 句型为waste time/money on sth
例句：He wastes too much time (in)playing video games every day.每天他浪费太多时间玩电脑游戏。
又如：Don’t waste too much money on clothes.别在服装上面花太多的金钱。
28、see /look at/hear/watch/notice/observe/listen to/feel/find sb doing sth/do sth
see sb do sth 强调看到某人做过了某事, 已经做完；
see sb doing sth 强调看到某人正在做某事, 还在做。
例句: I saw a boy play by the river just now. 我刚才看到一个男孩在河边玩过。
I saw a boy playing by the river when I passed by.当我经过的时候，看到一个男孩在河边玩耍。
He saw the thief enter the house and steal something.他看到那个小偷进入房间并偷走了什么东西。
I saw Li Hua playing football in the playground when I went to the library this afternoon.今天下午当我去图书馆的时候，看到小华在操场上踢足球。
其它几个动词用法一样。
29、suggest (sb’s)doing sth
建议做某事，后接名词或动名词。不能说suggest sb to do sth ；suggest 后面可以接宾语从句，宾语从句要用虚拟语气。句型为：suggest (that )sb (should) do sth，that和should可以省略 。
例句：I suggest going on an outing this weekend.我建议这周末出去郊游。
I suggest his leaving here as soon as possible.我建议他尽快离开这里。
I suggest (that) you (should) do a lot more sports every week.我建议你每周进行更多的体育锻炼。
30、can’t help(to)do sth, can’t help doing sth
can’t help(to)do sth ,不能帮助做某事，后接动词不定式，to可以省略。
例句：I can’t help take care of your pet dog because I am so busy these days.我不能帮助照看你的宠物狗，因为这些天我实在太忙。
can’t help doing sth 情不自禁、忍不住做某事，后接动名词。
例句：I couldn’t help laughing after he told us a joke.当他讲了一个笑话之后，我忍不住大笑起来。
另外help的句型还有：help sb (to ) do sth, help sb with sth帮助某人做某事。
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